Este trabajo aborda la relación entre el populismo y los discursos del odio. Tomando como referencia la visión favorable del populismo teorizada por Laclau y Mouffe, desarrollaré un concepto de discurso populista formado por tres subtipos de discurso: el agonista, el solidario y el movilizador. Tras contrastar este concepto con el de discurso del odio, concluyo que ambos son independientes y que por tanto el populismo no necesita recurrir a discursos del odio, al menos en teoría. Sin embargo, advierto, la (...) naturaleza del populismo le hace propenso a caer en ese tipo de discursos, lo cual sugiere que la praxis populista difícilmente podrá evitarlos. Dada la inmoralidad del discurso del odio, esta afinidad ofrece una razón _pro tanto_ para abstenerse de prácticas populistas. (shrink)

The idea that citizens have a right to receive information that is relevant for their suitable exercise of political rights and liberties is well established in democratic societies. However, this right has never been systematically analyzed, thus remaining a blurry concept. This article tackles this conceptual gap by conceptualizing citizens’ right to information. After reviewing previous approaches to this idea, I locate citizens’ right to information on the map of communication rights, and put forward a systematic framework for both justifying (...) and analyzing it. This framework focuses on this right’s grounds, its function, its holders, its content, and its correlative duties. Although the conceptualization offered here will be incomplete, it will be enough to distinguish the general concept of citizens’ right to information from both its specific conceptions and from the other two best-known rights of the public: freedom of information and the public’s right to know. (shrink)

Happy cow messages are instances of commercial speech by the animal industry which, by action or by omission, mislead consumers about the harmful effects that the industry has for nonhuman animals, the environment, or human health. Despite their ubiquity, happy cow messages have received little philosophical scrutiny. This paper aims to call attention to this form of speech, and to make the case for its restriction. To do so we first conceptualize happy cow messages. Second, we argue that they encroach (...) upon individual autonomy in two particularly objectionable ways: by impairing our ability to behave according to our moral convictions, and by thwarting our capacity to identify and reason about our moral duties. This, we hold, grounds a pro tanto case for stricter and more comprehensive regulations of commercial speech by the animal industry. Third, and against the objection that restricting happy cow messages would violate freedom of speech, we contend that none of the most influential arguments for free speech grants them protection. Indeed, we suggest, those rationales seem to call for their restriction. Fourth, and finally, we review some possible ways to defuse the misleading potential of happy cow messages through commercial speech regulations. (shrink)

The scope of public reason determines which political decisions should be taken according to its standards. In this paper, I defend a broad-scope view of public reason, according to which every single political decision should be justified by public reasons. In the first part, I argue that, despite the unclarity of Rawls’ position, it is compatible with the wide-scope view. In the three following parts, I refute the main arguments in favour of the narrow-scope view of public reason. Finally, I (...) offer an argument for the wide-scope view and conclude that it is preferable from the point of view of political liberalism. (shrink)

In this article I try to shed some light on the complex relation between democracy, political knowledge, and disinformation. To do so, I first define three related concepts which, once clarified, could facilitate our understanding of the problems digital democracies face. First, drawing from the general notion of competence, I define civic competence. Then, drawing from the general notion of knowledge, I define political knowledge. Finally, and drawing from the general notion of information, I define democratically relevant information. After clarifying (...) these concepts, I will present three epistemic positions, to which I will refer to as knowledge, ignorance, and mistake. These three epistemic positions will be further connected with informative phenomena such as disinformation, fake news, and misinformation. (shrink)

Résumé Dans la lettre où il demande au Landgrave de Hesse-Rheinfels de transmettre à Arnauld le sommaire du Discours de métaphysique, Leibniz, soucieux d’obtenir le sentiment de ce dernier sur ses thèses, souligne l’importance et la variété des questions qu’il y touche : la grâce, le concours de Dieu avec les créatures, les miracles, la cause du péché, l’immortalité de l’âme, etc. Il ne mentionne pas dans cette liste la doctrine de la notion complète, bien qu’elle ne soit étrangère à (...) aucune de ces questions. C’est pourtant à elle qu’Arnauld va immédiatement s’en prendre en demandant comment cette doctrine peut éviter les conséquences nécessitaristes qui en découlent apparemment. Il ouvre ainsi une discussion qui est une des plus approfondies de celles auxquelles Leibniz s’est prêté. (shrink)

Condillac's claim that all our ideas are derived from sensations leads him to hold against Descartes that they are not on that account obscure and confused. The question is whether and how far he can refute the Cartesian thesis.

Segundo Bruno Latour, “a ecologia nos enlouquece; e é daí que precisamos partir” (LATOUR, 2020a, p. 31). Propomos, portanto, que as imagens do Antropoceno sejam pensadas através de seus afetos: em especial a tristeza profunda. Através dos conceitos de psicopolítica (Byung-Chul Han) e cosmopolítica (Isabelle Stengers), este artigo demarca uma investigação inicial a respeito das possíveis relações entre depressão e clima; melancolia e cosmologia. Abordamos a racionalidade diagnóstica dos Modernos, assim como potenciais críticos e criativos do sujeito depressivo diante à (...) intrusão de Gaia. Por fim, indicamos futuros caminhos desta pesquisa por meio de uma sondagem de riscos atrelados à incomensurabilidade entre múltiplas perspectivas. Pode a depressão traçar, para além dos sentimentos de paralisia e impotência, alguma linha de fuga da emergência climática? Há tratamento? Pharmakon adequado? Uma resposta que não seja bárbara?Palavras-chave: Depressão; Gaia; Psicopolítica; Cosmopolítica; Antropoceno. (shrink)

English summary: Condillacs 1746 Essai sur lorigine des connaissance humaines represents a pioneering approach to the philosophy of knowledge. Working through a semiotic method, Condillac is able to radically revisit the theory of ideas developed by predecessors such as Malebranche and Locke. This critical edition allows readers to better understand Condillacs essential contributions to Enlightenment philosophy. French description: L'Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines que Condillac publie en 1746 est un texte surprenant a plusieurs points de vue. Il l'est tout (...) d'abord du fait qu'on ne sait pas exactement dans quelles conditions il a ete compose, et que, faute de manuscrits, il reste impossible a ce jour d'en connaitre la redaction initiale. Dans ses ouvrages ulterieurs, Condillac en a par ailleurs critique plusieurs elements, mais rien ne nous permet de savoir s'il a touche a l'Essai quand il a entrepris de reviser ses ecrits en vue de leur publication dans ses oeuvres completes qu'il n'aura pas eu le temps de mener a bonne fin. Il l'est aussi dans son contenu qui s'efforce d'articuler une philosophie de la connaissance avec ce que nous considererions comme une semiotique generale. Dans cet effort, le genie de Condillac prend appui sur toute la culture de son temps pour ouvrir avec alacrite une voie de recherche dans laquelle il fait oeuvre de pionnier. Ayant en effet arrime l'idee au signe, il entreprend l'inventaire des modalites de fonctionnement de toutes les especes de signes d'institution. Il lui devient alors possible de bousculer de l'interieur la theorie des idees sous les formes qu'elle a prises chez ses predecesseurs, en particulier Malebranche et Locke, et de reconduire sans reste l'idee jusqu'a la sensation. Au cours de ce travail, il met en place non seulement les bases, mais jusqu'au projet, destine a alimenter pour longtemps les discussions, d'une theorie de l'esprit. (shrink)

Parallel to the evolution of art history as a discrete discipline during the 1800s and 1900s, the rediscovery of medieval ivories is closely linked to their progression from their origins, to private collections, to public spaces in museums. Although the dynamics of the art market today still often lead newfound objects to private, sometimes untraceable, places, other items have followed opposite paths – as in the case of two fragments of a Late Antique ivory pyxis considered here. These fragments, recently (...) put on display at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, entered the collection only in 2020, having made their way through generations of the family of art collector and dealer Dikran Kelekian (1867–1951). This study, the first to be devoted to these fascinating fragments, examines their iconography and tries to trace their provenance, dating, and function. (shrink)

This paper presents an analysis and critique of Roger Penrose’s epistemological, methodological, and ontological positions. The analysis is relevant not only because Penrose is an influential scientist, but also because of the particular traits of his thought. These traits are directly connected with his background and approach to science: ontological and epistemological realism, mathematical Platonism, emphasis on the continuities of science, epistemological inclusiveness and essential openness of science, the role of common sense, emphasis on the connection between science, ethics, and (...) philosophy. The paper articulates Penrose’s position and criticizes some of its possible shortcomings. It contributes to the perception of science as an open activity, as illustrated in Penrose’s particular approach, and provides an interesting case-study that can contribute to understanding how epistemological and ontological positions are connected with particular scientific practices. (shrink)

According to Pariente-Butterlin’s interpretive hypothesis, the level of explicit laws cannot represent the paradigm of the norm. In other words, the construction of normativity refers to an implicit dimension which sheds light on its explicit workings. In this sense, one can grant that conduct is not an expression of the law. This point of view completely displaces the problematic pertaining to the determination of a possible meaning in the production of conducts, for « how is it that we obey (...) legal rules whose existence we are unaware of? » In most of our actions, we do not regulate our conduct according to the value and injunction of the law. This implies that even our relation to laws implies an implicit reference to norms. Hence it becomes conceivable that forms of resistance or acceptance of laws be understood as modalities of action or conduct falling under the implicit horizon of normativity. (shrink)

This paper argues that Spinoza held substances other than God to be inconceivable. It uses this claim to develop a novel response to the Problem of Other Substances, the problem of explaining why some of Spinoza’s proofs for God’s existence cannot be used to prove the existence of a non-divine substance instead.

The link between leadership and mental health at the workplace is well established by prior research. However, most of the studies have addressed this relationship from a single-source perspective. The aim of this study was to examine how supervisor and employee ratings of health-oriented leadership correspond to each other and which sources are predictive for employee mental health. We assessed data within 99 teams containing 713 employees in 11 different companies in Southern Germany. Supervisors and their staff completed questionnaires on (...) the supervisors’ health-oriented staff-care dimensions awareness, value of health and health behavior and current mental distress. Hierarchical linear models revealed that supervisors’ self-ratings were significantly related to their employees’ ratings only on the health behavior dimension, but not on the health awareness and value of health dimensions. Also, supervisors rated themselves significantly higher on HoL compared to their employees. Employee ratings of HoL significantly predicted their own level of mental distress, whereas supervisor ratings of HoL did not predict employees’ mental distress at the team level. Supervisors’ self-ratings of HoL did not influence the relationship between employee ratings of HoL and their mental distress on an individual level. These results highlight the complex relationship between multisource assessments of HoL and employee mental health, emphasizing the importance of subjective perception for mental health. Future studies should investigate under which conditions supervisor and employee ratings correspond to each other and are predictive for mental health at the workplace. (shrink)

Researchers have studied the athletes' dual careers with the aim of helping them to combine the sport and the academic–vocational sphere. Most of this research has addressed the study–sport combination, but there is a lack of studies on the work–sport combination. The main objective of this research was to explore the subjective perceptions of Spanish elite athletes when attempting to combine their careers as professional athletes with a second profession or trade. Further, this study aims to identify the access to (...) facilitating resources and the perception of obstacles and barriers to the development of a dual career. A qualitative approach was chosen to address these research questions. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was carried out on a sample of 18 elite athletes, and the data were collected using semi-structured interviews based on a set of superordinate and subordinate categories. The results showed that the athletes interviewed possessed valuable resources such as the transference of sports values to the work sphere. However, important barriers were highlighted such as the perception of sport institutions as absent entities in the work–sport combination. Thus, the study of this type of dual career seems to be one of the challenges facing the interested scientific community for the coming years. (shrink)

Il faut bien commencer par ne rien comprendre, par comprendre qu'on ne comprend rien, il faut accepter qu'on ne sait rien, il faut savoir qu'on ne sait rien, pour tenter quelque mouvement hors de cette gangue de silence qui nous entoure à l'évidence, et obsède certains d'entre nous. Il faut bien commencer par se sentir écrasé de silence pour avoir envie de parler, de commencer une phrase, pour se pencher aux bords du silence et basculer dans le langage. Se défaire (...) d'un texte que l'on a écrit, d'une oeuvre d'art illustre, de son site web avant (ou après) sa mort, voire de son identité numérique tout entière, qu'est-ce que ça remue en soi? L'acte d'effacer s'apparente-t-il à une forme de destruction ou est-il au contraire le prolongement même d'un élan créateur? Prenant appui sur le geste de De Kooning effaçant un dessin de Rauschenberg, Isabelle Pariente-Butterlin mène une méditation qui interroge nos usages et nos disparitions (sur les réseaux et en dehors, dans l'Art et dans la vie). Entre les genres, prenant le pouls des phrases [qui] sont les sismographes de l'effacement qui parcourt le monde, un ouvrage fondamental sur l'écriture de l'absence et l'absence dans l'écriture est en train de se jouer. Sa composition même procédant à des effacements (des pans entiers de pages, gelés dans l'instant précédant leur disparition, sont amenés à la limite de la lisibilité), Erased est une clé pour qui cherche à comprendre les processus à l'oeuvre dans la fabrique de la déconstruction. (shrink)

The authors of this volume discuss the relevance and influence of various Old and New Testament documents, and early Christian and Jewish texts in terms of their impact in shaping the moral character, identity, and behaviour of the specific communities in which they were produced as well as their ethical application throughout the centuries. Against a narrow understanding of ethics, the term "application" is not used to analyse the texts of the Bible as step-by-step manuals for moral conduct. Rather, the (...) contributors engage with biblical texts within the framework of a complex hermeneutical process of application of the relevance of these texts in contemporary ethical discourse. Contributors: Paul N. Anderson, Robert L. Brawley, Cilliers Breytenbach, Ulrich Busse, R. Alan Culpepper, Jan Willem van Henten, Rainer Hirsch-Luipold, Stephan Joubert, Craig R. Koester, Bart J. Koet, Michael Labahn, Tobias Nicklas, Bert Jan Lietaert Peerbolte, Udo Schnelle, Michael Theobald, D. Francois Tolmie, Joseph Verheyden, Ben Witherington, III, Ellen van Wolde, Michael Wolter, Mirjam Zimmermann, Ruben Zimmermann. (shrink)

El texto trata de abordar la noción de «significante» lacaniano desde una hermenéutica filosófica. Para ello se recorrerán algunos momentos clave de la elaboración de Lacan sin dar por supuesto ningún uso o definición que se promueve del término en cuestión, todo ello con la intención de subrayar aspectos como el del sentido y la vedad que desde un análisis hermenéutico-filosófico pueden ser captados en toda su profundidad.

Roger Penrose is known for his proposals, in collaboration with Stuart Hameroff, for quantum action in the brain. These proposals, which are still recent, have a prior, less known basis, which will be studied in the following work. First, the paper situates the framework from which a mathematical physicist like Penrose proposes to speak about consciousness. Then it shows how he understands the possible relationships between computation and consciousness and what criticism from other authors he endorses, to conclude by explaining (...) how he understands this relationship between consciousness and computation. Then, it focuses on the concept of non-locality so essential to his understanding of consciousness. With some examples, such as impossible objects or aperiodic tiling, the study addresses the concept of non-locality as Penrose understands it, and then shows how far he intends to arrive with that concept of non-locality. At all times the approach will be more philosophical than physical. (shrink)

One of the essential distinctions in action theory is that between activity and passivity. I address this distinction in this article.

Drawing on my experiences at a teaching-focused university, I show how locating the health humanities in first-year or introductory composition courses improves learning and offers an economical, flexible, and far-reaching approach to bringing a health humanities education to all baccalaureate-level learners, regardless of whether they aspire to careers in the health professions. In terms of improving learning, health humanities composition courses support the disciplinary aims of both fields. Accessible, relevant issues in the health humanities, such as interventions in health debates (...) or representations of illness and healthcare settings, nourish the cognitive and social conditions needed to develop college-level writing skills. The health humanities’ emphases on interdisciplinarity and suspending judgment also inform students’ writing abilities. Composition trains students to write rhetorically by considering purpose, context, genre, mode, and other factors when addressing an audience. This approach to writing helps pre-health humanists communicate intentionally and compassionately about health topics as well as the larger issues they call into question. Because students enroll in health humanities composition courses at an early, formative moment in their studies, they are poised to carry or “transfer” their knowledge to other courses, including those that might prepare them for the workforce. (shrink)

Throughout history, human beings have worked on their personal enhancement. Not only improving the living conditions, but also trying to improve the moral behavior of people, usually through education. The Transhumanist proposal of moral enhancement promises to make us better and understands it as a duty, also because of the ethical challenges that present to us. In the following article we explore if that is possible and to what extent, taking into account that humans are agents.

This book introduces readers to the topic of explanation. The insights of Plato, Aristotle, J.S. Mill and Carl Hempel are examined, and are used to argue against the view that explanation is merely a problem for the philosophy of science. Having established its importance for understanding knowledge in general, the book concludes with a bold and original explanation of explanation.

review of Philosophy of Economics by C. Dyke.

Resumen: Este ensayo busca alimentar epistemológicamente la figura del guionista como un traductor singular. Se trata de un creador que no traduce, sino que deja traducir desde un particular ejercicio de imaginación simbólica donde lo cósmico, lo onírico y lo poético se expresan en un tipo de lenguaje. Usando una técnica inversa, se opone a la tesis de lo intraducible. El control de los vacíos interpretativos sería, más bien, el requisito que permite adaptar el contenido de mensajes de un sistema (...) gramatical a otro, cada uno con sus propios códigos y reglas, pero usando la figura de una obra semiabierta. Abordamos el rol de guionista-traductor desde un doble anclaje conceptual. Por un lado, la idea de que la traducción es una forma, tesis que desarrolla Walter Benjamin en su ensayo “La tarea del traductor”. Por otro, el paradigma descrito por Paul Ricoeur en “Sobre la traducción”, en el cual desarrolla la alternativa práctica de fidelidad versus traición. En ambos autores se supone la existencia de un original. El traductor mantiene una relación próxima con ese original. En la teoría del guion, puesto que la traducción existe, es necesario que sea posible.: This essay seeks to epistemologically feed the figure of the scriptwriter as a singular translator. It is a creator who does not translate but let translate from an exercise of symbolic imagination where the cosmic, the oneiric and the poetic are expressed in a type of language. Using a reverse technique, he opposes the thesis of the untranslatable. The control of interpretive gaps would be, rather, the requirement that allows the content of messages from one grammar system to be adapted to another, each with its own codes and rules, but using the figure of a semi-open work. We approach the role of scriptwriter-translator from a double conceptual anchorage. On the one hand, the idea that translation is a form, thesis developed by Walter Benjamin in his essay "The task of the translator". On the other hand, the paradigm described by Paul Ricoeur in "On translation", in which he develops the practical alternative of fidelity versus treason. In both authors the existence of an original is supposed. The translator maintains a close relationship with that original. In the theory of the script, since the translation exists, it is necessary that it be possible. (shrink)

El presente ensayo aborda, en seis argumentos, las implicancias de la teoría de los imaginarios sociales en la comprensión del fenómeno comunicativo y su papel en el proceso de la semiosis. Se describe la directa relación existente entre las tres facultades que hacen del hombre un ser simbólico..

In the field of organizational communication, the notion of autopoiesis has been mostly used to explain the mechanisms that constitute organizations in autonomous systems. In this paper we argue that to better understand the autonomy and the constitutive mechanisms of organizations we need to study the narrative processes that distinguish organization as a unity. This statement is based on two premises: first, the intrinsic relation between autopoiesis and the interpretative capacity of living beings; second, the importance of the act of (...) distinction in the sensemaking process, from which we differentiate the unity from a ground. En el campo de la comunicación organizacional, el concepto de autopoiesis se ha usado principalmente para explicar los mecanismos que constituyen las organizaciones en sistemas autónomos. El presente trabajo postula que para comprender mejor la autonomía y los mecanismos constituyentes de las organizaciones debemos estudiar los procesos narrativos que distinguen a la organización como unidad. Esta afirmación se basa en dos premisas: primero el vínculo intrínseco entre autopoiesis y la capacidad interpretativa del ser vivo; segundo, la importancia en ese proceso de significación del acto de distinción, a partir del cual separamos a lo señalado como distinto de un fondo. (shrink)